在知识经济中,人力资源外包如何影响组织学习【外文翻译】.doc
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1、 外文翻译 原文 How Human Resource Outsourcing Affects Organizational knowledge in the Knowledge Economy Material Source: A previous version of this paper was presented at the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada (ASAC) Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, June 2005. Author: Francine Schlosser, Andrew
2、 Templer and Denise Ghanam The global shift toward a knowledge economy highlights adaptability and knowledge management inherent in organizational learning as critical to organizational success. Yet, as the Economist Special Investigation on Outsourcing (Edwards, 2004) points out, this new adaptatio
3、n of Internet technology is driving the development of service outsourcing. Of particular concern in North America is off support-the outsourcing of work to lower wage economies overseas, especially China and India. Additionally, more and more companies seek to expand its workforce to maintain a fle
4、xible employment. Outsourcing and contingent employment contracts make it more difficult to maintain organizational learning and identity. Employees play a critical role in enhancing organizational learning; so HRM contributes strategically to outsourcing by enhancing organizational learning and mai
5、ntaining corporate culture. Temporary staffing strategies place considerable stress on employment relationships, especially in the psychological contract (Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1995), which can result in a significant loss of learning capital, though benefits may result from the infusion of new
6、 ideas outside the company. This individual contribution must be captured through the active participation of HRM at the strategy table. The outsourcing of many HRM functions may complicate this solution. Therefore, the researcher interested in the question is: How can the strategic contributions of
7、 HR to organizational learning, and retain this new situation, training and outsourcing the work force? Although organizational learning has become a hot research topic, spawning research agendas are in knowledge management and learning orientation literatures. And although in this study the role of
8、 HR development orientation had emerged, it includes the impact of temporary HR and experience of the concept of not staffing strategy. Medical staff may think this is a purely academic issue that is trumped by the need to make outsourcing decisions anchored in the current competitive business envir
9、onment. However, we believe that understanding our research agenda will provide practitioners with greater insight and, indeed, a greater toolbox to foster competitive advantage linked to the retention of organizational learning. First, we argued that the loss of learning capital may be driven by th
10、e reason of outsourcing. For example, the choice may depend on outsourcing to reduce costs (competitive priorities), or by a strategic re-focusing on core competencies (customer emphasis), and cultural superiority (internal users emphasis). When outsourcing is undertaken to reduce costs, it becomes
11、more challenging but even more crucial, for HRM to create a strategic management of human capital and to prevent the loss of organizational learning. II. HRM Outsourcing The current dynamic HRM environment demands specific expertise, particularly in the law around employment practices. However, many
12、 small and medium enterprises do not have the breadth of HRM staff to ensure such a specialized skill base. It is easier and more cost-effective to outsource those requirements when the need arises (Adler, 2003; Klaas, 2003; Friesen, 2003). Outsourcing occurs when a company needs temporary or specia
13、lized expertise and decide to contract for temporary workers. A 1996 survey of large North American companies by Hewitt Associates found that 93 percent of respondents outsourced some of their HR features (Greer et al., 1999), but a recent survey by the Conference Board of Canada (Brown,2004) shows
14、that most Canadian HR professionals do not attach great importance to the outsourcing. What seems important is to maintain the strategic direction. Stehle and Treehuboff (2003) offer three guidelines for outsourcing based on their research: (1) to retain a degree of in-house expertise in any outsour
15、ced function, (2) never outsource a core competence, and (3) prioritize corporate culture. Although HR is the common features (Tomback, 2003) of outsourcing, there is no clear agreement in the literature on which functions can be successfully outsourced. Outsourcing in an area may affect the perform
16、ance of other areas. Some activities may not be actually separable, which means that they are either locked indoors, or only as a bundled outsourcing. Functions as a companys own assessment of the easiest transactions can be separated. Salary and benefits are the two most often outsourced tasks, and
17、 training and development are often outsourced because of the availability of highly-quality sources (Jensen, 2003; Adler, 2003; Wolman and Hayward, 2003). One of the biggest outsourcings in Canada was the ten-year, $750-million deal between BMO-Financial and outsource provider Exult to take over wa
18、ges and benefits administration, HR Call-center management, employee records, and other technology-driven administrative functions (Vu, 2004b). In contrast, functions which are strategic and transformational in nature should not be outsourced, but must be maintained in order to create dynamic capabi
19、lities to help companies configure itself effectively in changing market. A dynamic capability is defined as “The companys processes that use resourcesin particular the processes to integrate, reconfigure, access and release resources-to match or even create market change“ (Eisenhardt and Martin, 20
20、00:1107). In this case, Greer et al. (1999) conducted interviews with HR executives to find out which functions were appropriate or inappropriate for outsourcing. Respondents suggested such as labor relations, employee relations, and performance management, core competencies should stay indoors, as
21、these involve employees trust and confidentiality. Outsourcing options is critical for HR practitioners and other key strategic management. If a sustainable competitive advantage lies in the effective utilization of human capital, and the current trend is to realize the functions of HR outsourcing p
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